Conventional Sources of Energy


 
 
Concept Explanation
 

Conventional Sources of Energy

Conventional Sources of Energy: Prominent conventional sources of energy are

1. Coal: India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements. Coal is a raw materialrial for heavy industries and thermal power stations. It is bulky due to which these industries are located near coalfields.Coal mining in India started at Raniganj in West Bengal in 1774. Depending on the degrees of compression, the depth and time of burial during its formation, there are following varieties of coal:

  • Peat - It is an organic soil or deposit of dense vegetable matter only partially decomposed. It has a low carbon content and low heating capacity.
  • Lignite - - It is a low grade brown coal. It is soft and has high moisture content. Neyveli in Tamil Nadu has the main reserves of lignite coal. This type of coal is used for electricity generation.
  • Bituminous - Coal which was formed because of increased temperature and was buried very deep is called bituminous coal. This is the most popular coal for commercial use. High grade bituminous coal is ideal for use in metallurgy.
  • Anthracite - This is the highest quality hard coal.
  • Occurrence of Coal in India- In India, coal occurs in rock series of following two main geological ages
  • Gondwana coal -This was formed over 200 million years ago. The major sources of Gondwana coal are located in the Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand). In this belt, Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro are important coal fields. Coal deposits are also present in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys.
  • Tertiary coal This was formed 55 million years ago and is found in the North-Eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
  • 2. Petroleum: Petroleum is also known as mineral oil. It is the second highest energy source (after refining into various products like furnace oil, diesel, petrol, kerosene, etc) used in India after coal. Petroleum is known as ‘liquid gold’. First oil field in India was discovered at Makun (in Assam) in 1867. Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textile, fertiliser and chemical industries. The total oil refineries in India are seventeen in number. Out of which 14 refineries are in public sector, 2 are in private sector and one in joint sector.

  • Occurrence of Petroleum in India: Natural occurrence of petroleum in India is associated with anticlines and fault traps of tertiary rocks. In anticline, folding or dome region, oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The non-porous layers come in between and prevent the oil from rising or sinking. ‘Whereas in fault traps; it is found in between porous and non-porous rocks. Mumbai High produces about 63% of India’s petroleum. Gujarat produces 18% and Assam 16%. Ankeleshwar is the most important oil field in Gujarat. Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Important oil fields of Assam are Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan.
  • 3.Natural Gas: Natural gas is a clean energy resource. It is usually found along with petroleum, but sometimes separately also. Compared to coal and petroleum products, it burns with a very low emission of harmful gases and other pollutants. It provides energy for running of petrochemical industry besides being used as fuel for cooking and automobiles. The offshore region of the Krishna— Godavari basin has the largest amount of natural gas currently available in India. To fulfill its natural gas needs, India imports some gas and feeds it to various industries through pipelines. The 1700 km long Hazira-Vijaipur- Jagdishpur (HVJ) pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassin with the fertiliser, power and industrial complexes in Western and Northern India. Natural gas is mainly used by the fertiliser and power industries. Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for vehicles to replace liquid fuel is gaining wide popularity in the country.

    4. Electricity: Electricity has a wide range of applications in today’s world. That’s why its Per Capita Consumption is considered as a sign of development. There are two ways through which electricity is generated. These are

  • Conventionally, electricity (or thermal power) has been generated by burning fossil fuels that supplies energy (coal, petroleum, natural gas etc) to drive turbines. It is known as thermal electricity. There are over 310 thermal power plants in India. Due to depletion of fossil fuels on the Earth, other methods of generating electricity are becoming popular.
  • Electricity generated by flowing water is called hydro electricity. It is pollution free and commonly used all over India, as it is a renewable resource. A number of multi-purpose projects have been set-up to harness the power of river water like Bhakra Nangal, Damodar valley Krishnarajasagara.
  • Sample Questions
    (More Questions for each concept available in Login)
    Question : 1

    Lignite is low quality coal which is also known as brown coal. Its reserves all concentrated at __________________--

    Right Option : B
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    Explanation
    Question : 2

    Choose the correct order of arrangements: the types of coal according to its quality/carbon content:

    Right Option : A
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    Explanation
    Question : 3

    Mineral oil is called a mulptipupose oil. It is formed from the fossils of microscopic animals and plants in the _________ .

    Right Option : C
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    Explanation
     
     


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