Dark Reaction of Photosynthesis
Dark Reaction of Photosynthesis
The process of photosynthesis can be divided into two phases : Light phase and Dark phase
Dark phase of photosynthesis:
This phase does not require direct sunlight, but it depends on the products of the light reaction, i.e., ATP and NADPH beside and water that drive the processes leading to the synthesis of food more accurately the sugars (glucose is first product of photosynthesis).
1. C3 Pathway : - This pathway is followed by the plans when first product of fixation is a
acid, i.e., PGA.
2. C4 Pathway : - This pathway is followed or shown by the plants in which first product of fixation is a
acid, .i.e., OAA.
This is a cycle biochemical pathway of reduction of or photosynthetic carbon, cycle which was discovered by Calvin.
The Calvin cycle runs in all photosynthetic plants, no matter they show
,
or any other pathway, It occurs in stroma of the chloroplast.
Primary Acceptor of CO2 in C3 Pathway
After a long research and conducting many experiments it was concluded by the scientists that in pathway, the acceptor molecule is a 5-carbon S ketose sugar, i.e., Ribulose 5-Bisphosphate (5 RUBP). Calvin or
cycle has following three major steps Calvin or C3 cycle has many steps which are known as glycotic reversal or formation of sugar and takes place between reduction and regeneration. There are three major steps as follows
Carboxylation : - It is the most crucial step of the Calvin cycle. In this fixation of molecule takes place in the form of carboxylation of RUBP(5C). This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme RUBP carboxylase. This finally leads to the formation of two molecules of 3 Phosphoglyceric Acid (3PGA). As the RUBP carboxylase enzyme also has an activity of oxygenation.
Thus, it is more commonly known as RuBP carboxylase - oxygenase or RuBisCO.
Reduction : - Afrer the carboxylation reaction, reduction of PGA takes place through a series of reactions leading to the formation of glucose. In this step, the ATP (as energy source) and NADPH (hydrogen atom carrier) are utilised. It is to be noted that 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADPH urilised in this step for phosphorylation and for the eduction of respectively.
Regeneration : - For the continuous and uninterrupted functioning of the Calvin cycle, there must be a regular supply of ATP, NADPH and also sufficient amount of RuBP is required.
Students / Parents Reviews [20]
The experience was nice. I studied here for three years and saw a tremendous change in myself. I started liking subjects like English and SST which earlier I ran from. Extra knowledge gave me confidence to overcome competitive exams. One of the best institutes for secondary education.
Aman Kumar Shrivastava
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Barkha Arora
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Ayan Ghosh
8thI have spent a wonderful time in Abhyas academy. It has made my reasoning more apt, English more stronger and Maths an interesting subject for me. It has given me a habbit of self studying
Yatharthi Sharma
10thMy experience with Abhyas Academy has been very good. When I was not in Abhyas whenever teacher ask questions I could not speak it confidently but when I came in Abhyas, my speaking skills developed and now I am the first one to give the answer of teachers question.
Upmanyu Sharma
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Archit Segal
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Barkha Arora
10thIn terms of methodology I want to say that institute provides expert guidence and results oriented monitering supplements by requsite study material along with regular tests which help the students to improve their education skills.The techniques of providing education helps the students to asses...
Aman Kumar Shrivastava
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Eshan Arora
8thThird consective year,my ward is in Abhyas with nice experience of admin and transport support.Educational standard of the institute recumbent at satisfactory level. One thing would live to bring in notice that last year study books was distributed after half of the session was over,though study ...
Ayan Ghosh
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Hiya Gupta
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Shivam Rana
7thAbhyas institute is one of the best coaching institute in the vicinity of Ambala cantt.The institute provides good and quality education to the students.The teachers are well experienced and are very helpful in solving the problems. The major advantages of the institute is extra classes for weak...
Shreya Shrivastava
8thBeing a parent, I saw my daughter improvement in her studies by seeing a good result in all day to day compititive exam TMO, NSO, IEO etc and as well as studies. I have got a fruitful result from my daughter.
Prisha Gupta
8thAbout Abhyas metholodology the teachers are very nice and hardworking toward students.The Centre Head Mrs Anu Sethi is also a brilliant teacher.Abhyas has taught me how to overcome problems and has always taken my doubts and suppoeted me.
Shreya Shrivastava
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Om Umang
10thAbhyas institute is one of the best coaching institute in the vicinity of Ambala Cantt area. The teachers of the institute are well experienced and very helpful in solving the problems of the students.The good thing of the institute is that it is providing extra classes for the students who are w...
Aman Kumar Shrivastava
10thAbhyas Methodology is very good. It is based on according to student and each child manages accordingly to its properly. Methodology has improved the abilities of students to shine them in future.
