Soil And Its Classification
Soil And Its Classification
Soil Classification: Brief descriptions of the major soil groups along with their modern nomenclature are as follows:
Alluvial soils: These include the deltale alluvium, caleareous alluvial soils, coastal aliua and coastal sands. This is by far the largest and most important soil groap of India contributing the largest share to agricultural wealth. The streams, draining the Himalay as, bring with them the products weathering of rocks constituting the mountains in various degrees of tineness and deposir them on the plains. It is highly fertile.
Black soils: These vary in depth from shallow to deep. There is no change in eolour up to a thickness of to 3 metres. Black soils are hishly argillaceous, fine grained and dark and contain a high proportion Calcium and magnesium carbonates. They are sticky when wet. Due to contraction on drying, large a deep eracks are formed. They contain abundant iron, lime magnesia and alamina. They are poor phosphorus, nitrogen and organie matter. Cotton, sugarcane, groundnuts, millet, rice, wheat and oilseels are mainly grown in Black soil.
Red soils: The ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks on weathering have given rise to the red silk The red colour is due to the wide diffusion of iron than to the high proportion of it. They are generaly poor in nitrogen, phosphorus and humus. These soils are poor in lime, potash, iron oxide and phosphorus. Red soils are also found under forest vegetation. Red and yellow soils are also seen side by side. The yellow colour is due to the high degree of hydration of the ferric oxide in them than that in the red soils. Ragi, Groundnut, millet, tobacco, potato, rice, wheat and sugarcane are mainly grown in Red soil.
Laterites or Lateritic soils: Laterite is a formation peculiar to India and some other tropical countries with an intermittently moist climate. It is composed essentially of a mixture of the hydrated oxides of aluminium and iron with small amounts of manganese oxides, titania etc. It is derived from the atmospheric weathering of several types of rocks. Under the monsoen conditions of alternating wet and dry seasons, the siliceous matter of the rocks is leached away ahmost completely during weathering. Tea, coffee, cashew, rubber and coconut are chiefly grown in these soils.
Desert soils: Desert Soil is a mantle of blown sand, which, combined with the arid climate, results in poor soil development. The most predominant component of the desert sand is quartz in well-rounded grains. A desert, owing to the physiographic conditions of its situation, receives little rain. The sands there, which cover the area, are partly derived from the disintegration of the subjacent rocks, but an largely blown in from other regions. Some of these soils contain high percentages of soluble salts, high pH, low loss on ignition, a varying percentage of calcium earbonate, and are poor in organic matter.
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