November 1948: Ambedkar presents Draft Constitution, Indian Constitution-Making Shifts into High Gear.

• 4th November 1948 was a critical date in India’s constitution-making process: B.R. Ambedkar, Drafting Committee Chairman, formally introduced the Draft Constitution in the constituent Assembly. This document, containing 315 Articles and 8 Schedules, was the culmination of the Assembly’s work, particularly its committees, that began on 9th December 1946.
• From this point onwards, all of the Assembly’s debates  centred around this Draft. These debates mark the most intense phase of Indian constitution-making.
• While introducing the Draft, Ambedkar made a long and comprehensive speech that would become famous in post-independent India.
• He provided the Assembly with an overview of India’s constitutional architecture, its important features, and principles that informed various provisions. It was in this speech that Ambedkar for the first time used the term ‘constitutional morality’ – which has, in recent years, been widely invoked by academics, activists, journalists, and the legal community.
• In the days that followed the introduction of the Draft, Assembly members expressed their preliminary impressions of the document and engaged with Ambedkar’s speech. While some were broadly satisfied, others were not.
• In the days that followed, a group of Assembly members took turns to rebuke Ambedkar.
• After around 10 days of general discussions on the Draft, the Assembly on 15th November 1948 began a more focused exercise of debating and considering amendments around each Article of the Draft Constitution – a process that would go on till 17th October 1948. The Assembly finally adopted the Constitution on 26th November 1949.

Hence, Option A is Correct.

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework that demarcates fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens, based on the proposal suggested by M.N. Roy . It is the longest written national constitution in the world.

• It imparts constitutional supremacy (not parliamentary supremacy, since it was created by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament) and was adopted by its people with a declaration in its preamble. Parliament cannot override the constitution.
• It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950. The constitution replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as the country's fundamental governing document, and the Dominion of India became the Republic of India. To ensure constitutional autochthony, its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395. India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day.
• The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic, assures its citizens justice, equality, and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity. The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a nitrogen-filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi.

Government structure

• Branches: Three (Executive, Legislature and Judiciary)
• Head of state: President of India
• Chambers: Two (Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha)
• Executive: Prime minister–led cabinet responsible to the lower house of the parliament
• Judiciary: Supreme court, high courts and district courts
• Federalism: Federal
• Electoral college: Yes, for presidential and vice-presidential elections
• Entrenchments: 2.

Hence, Option B is Correct.

The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in the development of the primary sector. The First Five-Year Plan was based on the Harrod–Domar model with few modifications. This five years plan's president was Jawaharlal Nehru and Gulzarilal Nanda was the vice-president.

The objectives of five-year plans:

• The five-year plan aimed at enhancing proper economic growth. After the independence of India, the urgent need to boost the development of India was felt. Thus the five year plans targeted achieving the progress of India in this direction. This was needed due to the economic slowdown after British rule in India.
• The five-year plan targets achieving economic equality and proper social justice. The need to address these was of utmost importance as India consists of people from different castes, creeds and religions. Often many such people are segregated into the society, this, in turn, drags the upliftment of this society. Hence the establishment of equity and justice was needed.
• The progress of the society can be targeted only by proper employment generation. Hence these five-year plans are aimed at employment creation. The attainment of economic self-reliance was another key issue being addressed by the five-year plans. This was needed to strengthen the foundation of modern India.

Hence, Option B is Correct.